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Objective To analyze the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of six common air pollutants in Xi'an, and to provide a scientific basis for the environmental protection departments to conduct targeted prevention and control. Methods Based on air pollution monitoring data with high temporal resolution, the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of six common air pollutants in Xi'an were analyzed, and the correlation between the pollutants was studied. Results Except for O3_8h, the annual average concentrations of the other five air pollutants decreased year by year. By 2020, the annual average concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 still exceeded the second-level concentration limit. The annual average concentration of NO2 was slightly higher than the first-level concentration limit, and the number of unqualified days of O3_8h accounted for one-tenth of the entire year. The concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, CO, SO2, and NO2 all were the highest in winter, equivalent in spring and autumn, and the lowest in summer. The concentration of O3_8h generally presented the characteristics of summer > spring > autumn > winter. In 2020, the annual average concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 in 9 urban areas exceeded the second-level concentration limit. The annual average concentrations of NO2 in Xincheng District, Lianhu District, Beilin District, and Yanta District all exceeded the second-level concentration limit. The annual average concentration of O3_8h in Beilin District, Chang'an District, and Yanliang District all exceeded the average level of Xi'an. PM2.5, PM10, CO, SO2, and NO2 in general showed a positive correlation in varying degrees. In summer, O3_8h showed a positive correlation with other air pollutants, but a negative correlation in other seasons. Conclusion The air pollution situation in Xi'an has been improving year by year, but the pollution of PM2.5, PM10, and O3_8h still exceeds the standard, which will be the focus of long-term prevention and control of air pollution in Xi'an.
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Objective To compare the time and spatial distribution of hepatitis C and HIV/AIDS cases and its correlation,in China from 2012 to 2017.Methods Data on reported hepatitis C and HIV/AIDS cases was gathered from the Direct Reporting System of Infectious Diseases Information Network in China,2012 to 2017 while annually collected provincial data was based on the date of review and current address.Correlation of the data was analyzed,using both simple correlation and linear regression methods.Results The number of reported cases of hepatitis C remained stable in China,in 2012-2017,with the number of annual reported cases as 201 622,203 155,202 803,207 897,206 832 and 214 023,respectively.The number of reported cases on HIV/AIDS showed a steady growing trend,from 82 434,90 119,103 501,115 465,124 555 to 134 512.However,the numbers of hepatitis C and HIV/AIDS cases were in the same,top six provinces:Henan,Guangdong,Xinjiang,Guangxi,Hunan and Yunnan.Results from the simple correlation analysis indicated that there was a positive correlation (r＞0.5,P＜0.01) existed between the above-said two kinds of cases at the provincial level in China,in 2012-2017.Again,results from the linear regression analysis also showed that the correlation coefficient r,and year was strongly correlated (r=0.966) while rs had been linearly increasing with time.Conclusions Our data showed that there were temporal and spatial correlations existed between the reported cases of hepatitis C and HIV/AIDS at the provincial level,suggesting that relevant prevention and control programs be carried out in areas with serious epidemics.Combination of the two strategies should be encouraged,especially on prevention and treatment measures related to blood transmission.
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Objective To compare the time and spatial distribution of hepatitis C and HIV/AIDS cases and its correlation,in China from 2012 to 2017.Methods Data on reported hepatitis C and HIV/AIDS cases was gathered from the Direct Reporting System of Infectious Diseases Information Network in China,2012 to 2017 while annually collected provincial data was based on the date of review and current address.Correlation of the data was analyzed,using both simple correlation and linear regression methods.Results The number of reported cases of hepatitis C remained stable in China,in 2012-2017,with the number of annual reported cases as 201 622,203 155,202 803,207 897,206 832 and 214 023,respectively.The number of reported cases on HIV/AIDS showed a steady growing trend,from 82 434,90 119,103 501,115 465,124 555 to 134 512.However,the numbers of hepatitis C and HIV/AIDS cases were in the same,top six provinces:Henan,Guangdong,Xinjiang,Guangxi,Hunan and Yunnan.Results from the simple correlation analysis indicated that there was a positive correlation (r＞0.5,P＜0.01) existed between the above-said two kinds of cases at the provincial level in China,in 2012-2017.Again,results from the linear regression analysis also showed that the correlation coefficient r,and year was strongly correlated (r=0.966) while rs had been linearly increasing with time.Conclusions Our data showed that there were temporal and spatial correlations existed between the reported cases of hepatitis C and HIV/AIDS at the provincial level,suggesting that relevant prevention and control programs be carried out in areas with serious epidemics.Combination of the two strategies should be encouraged,especially on prevention and treatment measures related to blood transmission.
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Objective To explore the spatio-temporal epidemic trends and related driving effects of meteorological factors on brucellosis in Datong city,Shanxi province,from 2005 to 2015.Methods We collected the surveillance data on brucellosis and related meteorological data in Datong city from 2005 to 2015,to describe the epidemic characteristics of the disease.Quasi-Poisson distribution lag non-liner model (DLNM) was built to explore the driving effect of monthly meteorological data on the disease.Results From 2005 to 2015,Datong city reported a total of 17 311 cases of brucellosis including one death,with the annual average incidence as 47.43 per 100 000 persons.A rising trend was seen during the study period.The monthly incidence of Brucellosis presented an obvious curve with a major peak from March to June,accounted for 48.40％ of the total cases.The high incidence areas in the city gradually expanded from the northeast and southeast to the western areas.Results fiom the DLNM studies suggested that seasonality of brucellosis in Datong was significantly affected by metrological factors such as evaporation,rainfall and temperature.The peak of delayed effect appeared the highest when the monthly cumulative evaporation capacity was 140-260 mm and the monthly cumulative rainfall was 20-60 mm with lag less than 1 month or the monthly temperature was-13 ℃ with lag of 4-5 months.Conclusions The incidence of human brucellosis in Datong city increased significantly from 2005 to 2015.Meteorological factors such as evaporation,rainfall,temperature all showed significant driving effects on the disease.
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Objective To explore the spatio-temporal epidemic trends and related driving effects of meteorological factors on brucellosis in Datong city,Shanxi province,from 2005 to 2015.Methods We collected the surveillance data on brucellosis and related meteorological data in Datong city from 2005 to 2015,to describe the epidemic characteristics of the disease.Quasi-Poisson distribution lag non-liner model (DLNM) was built to explore the driving effect of monthly meteorological data on the disease.Results From 2005 to 2015,Datong city reported a total of 17 311 cases of brucellosis including one death,with the annual average incidence as 47.43 per 100 000 persons.A rising trend was seen during the study period.The monthly incidence of Brucellosis presented an obvious curve with a major peak from March to June,accounted for 48.40％ of the total cases.The high incidence areas in the city gradually expanded from the northeast and southeast to the western areas.Results fiom the DLNM studies suggested that seasonality of brucellosis in Datong was significantly affected by metrological factors such as evaporation,rainfall and temperature.The peak of delayed effect appeared the highest when the monthly cumulative evaporation capacity was 140-260 mm and the monthly cumulative rainfall was 20-60 mm with lag less than 1 month or the monthly temperature was-13 ℃ with lag of 4-5 months.Conclusions The incidence of human brucellosis in Datong city increased significantly from 2005 to 2015.Meteorological factors such as evaporation,rainfall,temperature all showed significant driving effects on the disease.
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Objective To investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 based on Geography Information System (GIS),and to learn the mechanism of the occurrence and spread of H5N1.Methods A total of 2 069 officially confirmed cases of H5N1 outbreak reported to WHO and World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)from 2003 to 2012 were analyzed using a GIS based approach.Hot spot analysis (Getis-Ord Gi*)was used in the spatial and temporal analysis.Results From 2003 to 2012,2 069 cases of H5N1 outbreak was reported in Vietnam (1 055),Bangladesh (528)and Indonesia (209).The most of the outbreaks were reported in Ganges Delta,Mekong Delta,areas around Dacca and West Java.The occurrence,spread and distribution pattern of the disease varied within different spatial scale,and the epidemic showed a bipolar distribution in Vietnam,aradial distribution in Bangladesh and a shrinking pattern in Indonesia.Conclusion Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 was first emerged in city and then spread through poultry trading or transportation,and finally caused epidemic in regions with high density poultry and intensive agriculture.Hot spot analysis had a great application value in disease surveillance and early warning.
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Objective To explore the spatial and temporal characteristics of human brucellosis in Shandong province and to provide scientific basis for the development of related regional public health strategies.Methods 1 802 diagnosed cases of human brucellosis patients were selected based on the data that was collected by Diseases Reporting Information System between year 2004 and 2012 in Shandong province.Methods on spatial thematic mapping,spatial autocorrelation analysis,spatial clustering analysis,and temporal clustering analysis were applied to describe the temporal and spatial distribution on human brucellosis cases.Results The incidence rate of human brucellosis increased from 0.038 2/100 000 (35 cases) to 0.620 5/100 000 (598 cases),with annual average incidence rate as 0.211 1/100 000 and the incidence was evidently increased.The value of M (0.375 3) showed that this disease was seasonal,with the epidemic months between March and June,accounting for 56.27％ (1 014/1 802).The Global Moran' s I index was 0.198 901 (P=0.000 120),showing that there was a positive correlation between space and the incidence of brucellosis.The incidence rates in 2006,2007,2009 and 2012 and the space distribution appeared a positive correlation (P＜0.05) in Shandong province.The local Moran's I index showed that there were 8 “High-High” (HH) clustering areas,which were proved to have statistical significance (P＜0.05).Local indicators of spatial association (LISA) revealed that southwest and north districts of Shandong were highly clustered districts of brucellosis and the areas paralleled to the areas that having higher incidence rates.There were two spatial clustering areas in this study,one as the center of Juanchen with radiation radius at 33.83 km whose RR was 9.78 (P＜0.05) and the other was the center of Binchen with radiation radius at 62.78 km with RR as 4.99 (P＜0.05).All the 8 HH counties (districts) were included in the two cluster regions.Conclusion Incidence of human brucellosis showed an obvious increase in Shandong during year 2004-2012.Months with epidemics were between March and June.The incidence of brucellosis in counties (districts) was non-randomly distributed.A positive spatial correlation and the feature of clusters was noticed.
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Se evaluaron la variación espacial y temporal de las comunidades de náyades de odonatos y su asociación al estado de rehabilitación de hábitat en los humedales La Vaca y Santa María del Lago. Mediante técnicas estandarizadas de recolección de macroinvertebrados, se realizaron cuatro muestreos en cada humedal a lo largo de un año en puntos a la entrada y salida y en el espejo de agua de los humedales. Se encontró un gradiente en la distribución de la abundancia de las náyades en ambos humedales, según el cual la comunidad presenta mayor número de ejemplares en los puntos de muestreos que se ubican espacialmente a mayores distancias de los sitios de vertimientos. Al comparar la composición entre los humedales La Vaca y Santa María del Lago mediante la evaluación de la diversidad beta, se encontró heterogeneidad de las comunidades de ambos ecosistemas. El gradiente en la distribución de la abundancia de las náyades observado en ambos humedales se ajusta a una respuesta de las especies en términos de tolerancia a las variables ambientales.
We evaluated the spatial and temporal variation in communities of dragonfly's naiads and their association to the habitat rehabilitation status in LaVaca and Santa María del Lagowetlands. Four samplings were carried out in several sites of each during a year. Macroinvertebrates were collected at the entryande exit flow, and in open waters of the wetlands using standard techniques. We found a gradient in the distribution of the abundance of nymphs in both wetlands, where naiads community had the highest number of individuals in the places located farther from the dumping sites. Comparing the community s composition between wetlands La Vaca and Santa María del Lago through the beta diversity, heterogeneity was found in both ecosystems. The gradient in the distribution of the abundance of naiads observed in both wetlands fits with to a response of the species in terms of tolerance to the environmental variables.
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The choice of foraging strategies implies an attempt at gaining energy by predators. Supposedly, the difference in employing the "sit and wait" or "active foraging" behavior lays in hunter skills, experience and the kind of prey consumed. With the hypothesis that "active foraging" demands no learning, in this study we compared the prey capture efficiency among Wattled Jacana juveniles and adults, and also present descriptive information about feeding habitat and the abundance variation of foragers throughout the day in the northern Pantanal. Prey capture efficiency did not differ significantly among juveniles and adults, corroborating our initial hypothesis that "active foraging" is an instinctive behavior and demands no experience to be effective. However, future work is necessary to compare the energetic quality of consumed items by juveniles and adults, searching for differences explained by adults' experience. Foraging individuals were found at an average distance of 14 m ranging from 2 to 42 m) from the margin of the sampled swamps, however 64% of the foragers were found closer to the margins. The average depth of foraging sites was 17 cm, ranging from 5 to 40 cm, although no preference for specific classes of depth was found (p > 0,05). Despite the accepted general pattern of birds being more active in the early morning, the largest number of individuals foraging was observed between 11:00 and 12:00 AM, but no significant difference was found in the abundance of foraging individuals among different periods of the day. Factors, which were not analyzed, such as food availability and presence of competitors and predators need to be studied to reveal the main factors of the spatial and temporal distribution of the Wattled Jacana.
A escolha de uma estratégia de forrageamento implica em uma tentativa de maximizar o ganho energético por predadores. Supostamente, a diferença em empregar o comportamento "senta e espera" ou o "forrageamento ativo" jaz sobre a habilidade de caça, a experiência e o tipo de presa consumida. A partir da hipótese de que o "forrageamento ativo" não demanda aprendizado, neste trabalho é comparada a eficiência de captura de presas entre jovens e adultos de Jaçanãs forrageadores, além de serem apresentadas informações descritivas sobre o habitat de alimentação e a variação na abundância de forrageadores ao longo do dia no Pantanal Norte. Os itens consumidos foram contabilizados para estimativas da eficiência de captura de presas, a qual não diferiu significativamente entre as classes etárias analisadas; corroborou-se, dessa forma, a hipótese inicial de que o "forrageamento ativo" é um comportamento instintivo e não demanda experiência para ter eficiência. No entanto, ainda é necessária pesquisa mais detalhada, comparando-se qualitativamente a dieta de jovens e adultos, com a intenção de testar se a experiência de adultos implica no consumo de presas com mais energia disponível. Os indivíduos forragearam, em média, a 14 m (amplitude de 2 a 42 m) de distância da margem dos brejos e lagoas amostradas; porém, 64% dos indivíduos avistados forrageavam em distâncias mais próximas da margem. A profundidade média dos locais de forrageio foi de 17 cm, com amplitude variando de 5 a 40 cm, não havendo preferência dos forrageadores por classes de profundidade específicas (p > 0,05). Apesar do padrão esperado para aves, segundo o qual a maior atividade ocorre nos momentos iniciais da manhã, o maior número de indivíduos forrageando foi observado entre 11:00 e 12:00 horas; porém, não houve diferença significativa na abundância de indivíduos forrageadores entre diferentes períodos do dia. Outros fatores, não analisados, tais como a disponibilidade alimentar e a presença de competidores e predadores, precisam ser estudados para se revelarem os principais determinantes da distribuição espacial e temporal dos Jaçanãs no Pantanal.
Subject(s)
Animals , Charadriiformes/physiology , Ecosystem , Feeding Behavior/physiology , Predatory Behavior/physiology , Age Factors , Brazil , Population DensityABSTRACT
The present study describes the frequency of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) virus serotypes (O,A and Asia-1) in major regions (all provinces) of Pakistan using Indirect Sandwich ELISA.Also,spatial distribution of various FMD serotypes and their comparison is discussed.A total of 590 samples (Epithelial tissue) have been analyzed during a period of five years (2005-2009).Out of 590 samples,180 were found positive,giving an overall confirmation of FMDV about 33.2 ％.Of the prevalent serotypes,FMDV ‘O’ serotype caused most outbreaks (20.7 ％),followed by serotype A (6.6 ％) and serotype Asia-1 (4.6 ％) while there was no positive case oftype ‘C’.The study clearly showed that the disease was more frequent in the agro-climatic zones than in hilly areas.Based on the data of 590 samples (＞50 outbreaks),the overall prevalence of FMDV in cattle and buffaloes in Pakistan was 33.2 ％,while in cattle alone,it was 37.1％,higher than in buffalo (28.7 ％).There were eight cases of mixed serotypes infection,indicating the presence of endemic state of disease.Another significant feature was the change over time.In phase-I (2005-2007),there was an overall prevalence of 29.4 ％,while the occurrence of the serotype O,A and Asia-1 was 20.4 ％,2.9 ％ and 4.7 ％,respectively.During phase-II (2008-2009),the overall prevalence was 59.21％,while those of serotype O,A and Asia-1 were 22.4 ％,31.6 ％ and 4.0 ％,respectively.This clearly indicated a shift from serotype O to A,which may help to explain the occurrence of more severe outbreaks,despite vaccination.
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O objetivo do trabalho foi analisar a taxocenose de bagres marinhos do complexo baía-estuário de São Vicente, SP. As coletas foram mensais, no período de setembro de 2000 a agosto de 2002, em quatro regiões do estuário. Foram capturados 3.985 exemplares, pertencentes a cinco gêneros e seis espécies, totalizando 47.807 g. A espécie Cathorops spixii apresentou a maior abundância numérica com 1.569 indivíduos amostrados. No transecto I (próximo da região costeira) foi registrada a maior riqueza e no transecto IV (estuário acima) a maior abundância com 2.602 exemplares e peso de 26.236 g. Em março de 2002 registrou-se a maior abundância com 687 indivíduos e o maior peso ocorreu em fevereiro de 2002 (8.816 g). A salinidade da água de fundo, ao longo do período de estudo, variou entre 14 e 36 e a temperatura da água variou entre 19 e 30 ºC. Na região amostrada foram capturados exemplares jovens e adultos, ocorrendo um predomínio de jovens, o que demonstra que esta área apresenta condições favoráveis para crescimento.
The purpose of this study was to analyze the taxocenose of marine catfish in the complex bay-estuary of Sao Vicente, Brazil. The sampling was done monthly from September/2000 to August/2002, in four places of the estuary. Were caught 3.985 individuals belonging for 5 genus and 6 species, totalizing 47.807 g. The specie Cathorops spixii showed the biggest plentiful with 1.569 individuals sampled. In the transect I (close to the coastal region), it was registered the biggest richness (6 species) and in the transect IV (upper estuary) the biggest number of individuals (n = 2.602) e weight of 26.236 g. In March/2002 were registered the biggest occurrence with 687 individuals and biggest weight in February/2002 (8.816 g). The bottom water salinity, in the time of study, changed between 14 and 36, and the water temperature varied between 19 and 30 ºC. In the sample place juveniles and adults' individuals were caught, a mostly juvenile which demonstrates that of this place shows favorable conditions for growth.
Subject(s)
Behavior , Biodiversity , Ecosystem/analysis , Ecosystem/classification , Ecosystem/adverse effects , Marine Fauna , Fishes/growth & developmentABSTRACT
The diversity, abundance and distributional pattern of freshwater fish communities in the Térraba River, south Costa Rica, were investigated from the early dry season of 2004 to early rain season of 2005. There have been no preview studies on the freshwater fish distribution in Térraba. Therefore, the aims of this study were to determine fish species richness, abundance and distribution there. Fish sampling was done using a combination of gears such as gill net, fine mesh net and visual observation. Thirty three species, 26 genera and 14 families were collected in four sampling sites along the river. The number and biomass captured during the entire study was 984 individuals and 147 410.9 g respectively. Most of them are carnivorous species (48%), 33.3% are omnivorous and 12% detritivorous, and only two species are herbivorous. The most important species in relative abundance (56.5%) and biomass (53.7%) in the study area was the machaca (Brycon behreae). It should be clear that although the list of fish species that occur in Térraba River is reasonably complete, knowledge of their ichthyogeographic history patterns is superficial. The main community component was secondary freshwater species; with 17 invading brackish water species and one introduced species (tilapia O. niloticus). Nine species are reported for the first time in this river. The diversity index H` varied from 2.32 (El Brujo) to 1.67 (Coto), a similar pattern was also showed for the other indexes. Most of our results were similar to those of previous studies on freshwater fish distribution elsewhere, however no significant correlation between species distribution and environmental variables was found, and we hypothesized that the depth and water velocity and geomorphological are major environmental variables that influence the fish distribution. Our findings are opposed to the tendency, for species composition, to increase from upstream to the mouth of the river, which is probably due to two major human activities (discharge of waste of pineapple fields and sediments in the main channel). These activities could constitute in the future a real threat for the fish population and other aquatic organisms. Growth rates, competition, predation pressures, community organization, biotic versus physical factors in relation to distribution, and many other aspects of fish biology remain to be studied. Future surveys will involve more quantitative surveys in different seasons and over time to monitor the long-term variation in the diversity and abundance of freshwater fish species in Térraba. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1429-1447. Epub 2008 September 30.
Desde el inicio de la estación seca del 2004 hasta la estación lluviosa de 2005, se llevó a cabo una investigación, con el objetivo de determinar la diversidad, abundancia y patrones de distribución de las comunidades de peces de agua dulce del río Grande de Térraba. El muestreo de peces se llevó a cabo utilizando una combinación de artes de pesca, entre ellas las redes agalleras, redes finas y observaciones visuales. Fueron recolectadas 33 especies, 14 familias y 26 géneros en las cuatro estaciones. Se capturaron 984 ejemplares para una biomasa de 147 410.9 g. La mayoría de las especies son carnívoras (48%), 33.3% son omnívoras y 12% detritívoras y sólo dos especies son herbívoras. La especie con mayor abundancia relativa (56.5%) y biomasa (53.7) fue la machaca (Brycon behreae). Aunque la lista de especies de peces en el río Térraba parece razonablemente completa, el conocimiento sobre los patrones ictiogegráficos es superficial. El principal componente comunitario son los peces de agua dulce secundarios con 17 especies estuarinas y una especie introducida (tilapia O. niloticus). Nueve especies son registradas por primera vez. El índice de diversidad H´ varió de 2.32 (El Brujo) a 1.67 (Coto), un patrón similar se encontró para los otros índices aplicados. Muchos de nuestros resultados fueron similares a los de previos estudios sobre distribución de peces de agua dulce en otras zonas, sin embargo no se encontró correlación significativa entre la distribución de especies y las variables ambientales. Se hipotetiza que la profundidad, velocidad del agua y atributos geomorfológicos son las variables físicas que influencian la distribución de peces. Los resultados de este estudio difieren de la tendencia de que la riqueza de especies se incrementa desde la parte alta hacia la boca del río, esta condición se atribuye a dos actividades humanas (descarga al canal principal de desechos de los cultivos de piña y sedimentos contaminados). Estas actividades podrían ser, en el futuro, una amenaza real sobre los peces y otros organismos acuáticos. Se deben estudiar otros aspectos de la historia natural de los peces de la zona, tales como crecimiento, competencia, depredación, organización comunitaria y los factores físicos y/o bióticos relacionados con la distribución ictiofaunística.
Subject(s)
Animals , Biodiversity , Biomass , Fishes/classification , Costa Rica , Population Density , Population Dynamics , Rivers , SeasonsABSTRACT
O presente estudo foi realizado em um fragmento de floresta semidecídua, Mata São José (MSJ), e em áreas adjacentes ao fragmento localizado no município de Rio Claro, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Informações sobre a composição e distribuição espacial e temporal de espécies de anuros foram coletadas entre agosto de 2002 e julho de 2003. Foram registradas 24 espécies, sendo que a maioria foi observada em atividade de vocalização e reprodução nas áreas abertas adjacentes ao fragmento. Apenas três espécies, Hypsiboas lundii, H. prasinus e Proceratophrys boiei foram observadas utilizando ambientes no interior do fragmento para a reprodução e apenas H. prasinus foi registrada também em ambientes adjacentes ao fragmento. A maioria das espécies foi registrada durante a estação chuvosa da região e os ambientes temporários foram os mais utilizados para reprodução. A composição de espécies da MSJ foi comparada com a de outras 10 localidades com as seguintes fisionomias vegetais e status de conservação: floresta tropical preservada, ecótono de floresta ombrófila e floresta estacional semidecídua pouco preservada, Cerrado preservado e áreas antropizadas principalmente pela implantação de agricultura e pastagem. A composição de espécies da MSJ e da área de floresta estacional semidecídua foram mais similares entre si e com áreas perturbadas e área de Cerrado que quando comparadas a composição de espécies da área de floresta tropical preservada. Não houve correlação entre as distâncias e a similaridade na composição da anurofauna das localidades comparadas. Proceratophrys boiei e H. lundii aparentemente são as espécies mais afetadas pelo processo de fragmentação ambiental no Estado de São Paulo, provavelmente devido a sua ecologia e dependência de ambientes mais florestados.
The present study was conducted in a remnant of semi-deciduous forest, Mata São José (MSJ), and in its adjacent areas in the municipality of Rio Claro, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Information about anuran species richness and their spatial and temporal distribution were collected from August 2002 to July 2003. Most of the 24 registered species called and breed in open areas around the remnant. Only three species, Hypsiboas lundii, H. prasinus, and Proceratophrys boiei, used environments inside the fragment as reproductive sites and only H. prasinus used also environments around the remnant. The majority of the species were found during the rainy season and temporary environments were the most used for reproduction. The species composition of MSJ was compared with 10 other localities with the following vegetation composition: a preserved tropical rain forest, ecotone of tropical rain forest and semi-deciduous altered forest, preserved Cerrado, and disturbed areas (used as agriculture and pasture for cattle). The anuran composition of the MSJ and that from other semi-deciduous forest were more similar to the anuran composition of more perturbed areas and to the anuran composition of Cerrado then to the anuran composition of the rain forest habitats. There was no significant correlation between the distance of the areas and the similarity ratio of them. Proceratophrys boiei and H. lundii appear to be the species more affected by habitat fragmentation in the state of São Paulo due to their reproductive ecology and dependence of forested habitats.
Subject(s)
Anura/anatomy & histology , Anura/classification , Anura/growth & development , Biodiversity , Ecosystem/analysis , Ecosystem/adverse effects , ReproductionABSTRACT
Objective To know the relationship between air quality and meteorological conditions in Sanming City,Fujian, China.Methods Based on the fixed point monitoring data of everyday air quality from Sanming Environmental Monitoring Center and the corresponding upper air synoptic chart from 2002 to 2006,the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics,the variation tendency of the ambient air quality and their relations with the meteorological conditions were analyzed by using Excel 2003 software.Results The air pollution in Sanming was serious,the PM10 was concluded as the predominant pollutant.The concentration of SO_2,NO_2 and PM10,which affected the air quality of Sanming,was higher during October—April,and it was lower during May—September.The concentration of the pollutants was higher in the urban areas eompared with the suburbs. Conclusion The air quality in Sanming is related to the variation of the synoptic system.The air quality under the warm shear line system is best and under low system is next-best;the air quality under the warm sector convergence system is worst and under continent high system is next-worst;the low-level wind direction has some effect on the variation of the air quality,the air quality in easterly wind is better than that in westerly wind.
ABSTRACT
Spatial and temporal density and biomass distribution of the planktonic copepods Pseudodiaptomus richardi and P. acutus along a salinity gradient were investigated in the Caeté River Estuary (North-Brazil) in June and December, 1998 (dry season) and in February and May, 1999 (rainy season). Copepod biomass was estimated using regression parameters based on the relation of dry weight and body length (prosome) of adult organisms. The Caeté River Estuary was characterized by high spatial and temporal variations in salinity (0.8-37.2). Exponential length-weight relationships were observed for both Pseudodiaptomus species. Density and biomass values oscillated between 0.28-46.18 ind. m-3 and 0.0022-0.3507 mg DW. m-3 for P. richardi; and between 0.01-17.02 ind. m-3 and 0.0005-0.7181 mg DW. m-3 for P. acutus. The results showed that the contribution of P. richardi for the secondary production in the Caeté River Estuary is more important in the limnetic zone than in other zones where euhaline-polyhaline regimes were predominant. However, it was not possible to observe a clear pattern of spatial and temporal distribution for P. acutus.
A distribuição espacial e temporal da densidade e biomassa dos copépodos planctônicos Pseudodiaptomus richardi e P. acutus, ao longo de um gradiente de salinidade, foi estudada no Estuário do Rio Caeté (Norte do Brasil) durante os meses de junho e dezembro de 1998 (estação seca) e fevereiro e maio de 1999 (estação chuvosa). A biomassa dos copépodos foi estimada a partir de parâmetros da regressão baseada na relação entre o peso seco e o comprimento do corpo (prossoma) de organismos adultos. O Estuário do Rio Caeté caracterizou-se por uma grande variação espacial e sazonal na salinidade (0,8-37,2). A relação peso-comprimento para ambas as espécies de Pseudodiaptomus foi do tipo exponencial. Os valores de densidade e biomassa oscilaram entre 0,28-46,18 ind. m-3 e 0,0022-0,3507 mg DW. m-3 para P. richardi; e entre 0,01-17,02 ind. m-3 e 0,0005-0,7181 mg DW. m-3 para P. acutus. Os resultados revelaram que a contribuição de P. richardi para a produção secundária no Estuário do Rio Caeté é mais importante na zona liminética que em outras zonas onde foram dominantes os regimes eurihalino-polihalino. Contudo, para P. acutus não foi possível observar de forma clara um padrão de distribuição espacial e temporal para a área estudada.